13.080.99 (Other standards related to soil quality 标准查询与下载

ASTM D6282/D6282M-14 环境位点特性分析用直推土壤采样的标准指南

5.1 Direct Push Soil Sampling is used extensively in environmental site characterization of soils below ground surface and can also be used for subsurface geotechnical site characterization (3, 7, 8, 9-12, 13). Limited early studies have been done using Direct Push Soil Sampling for environmental investigations (14, 15, 16). These methods are preferred for environmental site characterization over rotary drilling sampling methods (D6169, D6286) because they are minimally intrusive (less disruptive to the soil column) and they do not generate soil cuttings which could be contaminated and require characterization and safe disposal. Direct Push soil samplers are grouped into two categories; Single Tube and Dual (Double) Tube systems. 5.1.1 Dual Tube Systems—Dual tube soil sampling systems are preferred for use because the bore hole is protected and sealed by the outer casing during operations. However, in some conditions when sampling below the groundwater, a sealed single tube sampler (5.1.2) must to be used to avoid sample cross contamination. Figure 1 shows how a Double Tube system is used. The outer tube stays in place to protect and seal the borehole and prevents potential cross contamination of the boring and the soil sample. Dual tube systems allow for rapid continuous sampling both above and below the water table. When sampling is not required, a sealed inner drive point can be locked in for driving through zones not targeted for sampling or through obstructions or difficult to sample formations. 5.1.1.1 Dual tube systems facilitate deployment of other testing and sampling systems (Test Method D1586 and Practice D1587) and sensors, groundwater sampling (D6001), water testing (D7242), and even monitoring well installations (D6724, D6725). Well installations may require use of specially designed expendable tips that facilitate well construction. 5.1.1.2 In larger Dual Tube systems with inside diameters of at least 75 mm the Standard Penetration Test (D1586) is often conducted in the bottom of the boring. Reliable SPT N values can be obtained in most soil formations that are not disturbed by the driving of the casing. Cohesionless sands and very soft clays may be disturbed during advancement of the Dual System to the test depth and should be evaluated or flagged if suspect. Reliable N values may not be obtained if there is evidence of heave or borehole instability from the base of the borehole to the inside the casing. 5.1...........

Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations

ASTM D6169/D6169M-13 选择环境调查中与钻机配合使用的土壤和岩石取样设备的标准指南

4.1 Direct observation of the subsurface by the collection of soil and rock samples is an essential part of site characterization for environmental purposes (see 7.1.7 of Guide D5730). This guide provides information on the major types of soil and rock sampling devices used on drill rigs to assist in selection of devices that are suitable for known site geologic conditions, and provide samples that meet project objectives. This guide should not be used as a substitute for consulting with someone experienced in sampling soil or rock in similar formations before determining the best method and type of sampling. 4.2 This guide should be used in conjunction with Guides D2113 and D6151 and drilling method-specific guides (see Guides D5781, D5782, D5783, D5784, D5872, D5875 and D5876) as part of developing a detailed site investigation and sampling plan (see 5.1.5 of Guide D5730) for sites that require mobilization of a drill rig for subsurface investigations. The selection of drilling methods and sampling devices goes hand-in-hand. In some cases soil sample requirements may influence choice of drilling method, or conversely, types of available drill rigs may influence choice of sampling devices. 4.3 This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5434 for field logging of soil and rock samples, Practice D5911 for data elements to identify a soil sampling site, and where appropriate, Practice D4220, for preserving and transporting soil samples, Practice D5070 for preserving and transporting rock core samples, Practice D3694 for preparation of sample containers and for preservation of organic constituents, and Practice D5088 for decontamination of field equipment used at waste sites.Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 This guide covers guidance for the selection of soil and rock sampling devices used with drill rigs for the purpose of characterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemical characteristics, subsurface lithology, stratigraphy and structure, and hydrogeologic units in environmental investigations. 1.2 This guide does not specifically address selection of soil sampling devices for use with direct-push sampling systems, but the information in this guide on thick-wall and thin-wall samplers is generally applicable to direct-push soil sampling. 1.3 This guide should be used in conjunction with referenced ASTM guides, practices, and methods on drilling techniques for geoenvironmental investigations and use of sampling devices referenced in 2.1, and with Guide D5730. 1.4 This guide does not address selection of sampling devices for hand-held soil sampling equipment, and soil sample collection with solid-stem augering devices, or collection of grab samples or hand-carved block samples from accessible excavations. Refer to Appendix X1.2 for guidance on these topics. This guide s......

Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations

ASTM G187-12 使用双电极土壤箱法测量土壤电阻率的标准试验方法

The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure. Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures. The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method. The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity.1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures. 1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory. 1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

ASTM G187-12a 使用双电极土壤箱法测量土壤电阻率的标准试验方法

5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5 5.2 Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures. 5.3 The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method. 5.4 The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity. 1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures. 1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory. 1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

ASTM D6286-12 环境现场鉴定用钻探方法选择的标准指南

4. Significance and UseTop Bottom 4.1 The selection of particular method(s) for drilling monitoring wells (see Table 1) requires that specific characteristics of each site be considered. These characteristics would include, but are not limited to, the ambient hydrogeologic parameters and conditions existing at the site. This guide is intended to make the user aware of some of the various drilling methods available and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of each with respect to determining groundwater chemistry and other hydrogeologic properties data.TABLE 1 Well-Drilling Selection Guide Drilling Method Drilling Fluid Casing Advance Type of Material Drilled Typical Drilling Depth, in m (ft)A Typical Range of Borehole Sizes, in cm (in.) Samples ObtainableB Coring Possible Reference Section Power auger (Hollow-stem) none, water, mud yes soil, weath......

Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization

ASTM D7046-11 地下探测用金属探测法使用指南

Concepts: This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for using the metal detection method for locating subsurface metallic objects. Personnel requirements are as discussed in Practice D3740. Method8212;Metal detectors are electromagnetic instruments that work on the principle of induction, using typically two coils (antennas); a transmitter and a receiver. Both coils are fixed in respect to each other and are used near the surface of the earth. Either an alternating or a pulsed voltage is applied to the transmitter coil causing electrical eddy currents to be induced in the earth. The electrical currents flowing in the earth are proportional to electrical conductivity of the medium. Theses currents generate eddy currents in buried metallic objects that is detected and measured by the receiver (Fig. 1). Parameter Measured and Representative Values: Frequency Domain Metal Detectors: Frequency domain metal detectors apply an alternating current having a fixed frequency and amplitude to the transmit coil which generates a time-varying magnetic field around the coil. This field induces eddy currents in nearby metallic objects that in turn generate time-varying magnetic fields of their own. These eddy-fields induce a voltage in the receiver coil. The presence of metal causes small changes in the phase and amplitude of the receiver voltage. Most metal detectors amplify the differences in the receiver coil voltage caused by nearby metal and generate an audible sound or meter (analog or digital) reading. Ground conductivity meters (frequency domain metal detectors) measure the two-components of the secondary magnetic field simultaneously. The first is the quadrature-phase component which indicates soil electrical conductivity and is measured in millisiemens per meter (mS/m). The second is the inphase component, which is related to the subsurface magnetic susceptibility and is measured in parts per thousand (ppt) (that is, the ratio between the primary and secondary magnetic fields). (1) Conductivity Measurements (Quadrature-Phase Component)Metallic objects within a few feet of the surface will cause induced magnetic field distortions that will result in zero or even negative values of measured conductivity. Deeper metallic objects will cause less field distortion and lead to measured conductivities which are abnormally high in comparison to site background values. (2) Inphase ComponentInphase measurements are more sensitive to metal than conductivity measurements. Thus, inphase anomalies may indicate the presence of metal at a greater depth than the conductivity measurements. Time Domain Metal Detectors: In time domain metal detectors, a transmitter generates a pulsed primary magnetic field in the earth. After each pulse, secondary magnetic fields are induced briefly from moderately conductive earth, and for a longer time from metallic targets. Between each pulse, the metal detector waits until the response from the conductive earth dissipates, and then measures the prolonged buried metal response. This response is measured in millivolts (mV). Equipment8212;Metal detectors generally consist of transmitter electronics and transmitter coil, power supply, receiver electronics and receiver coil. Metal detectors are usually single indiv........

Standard Guide for Use of the Metal Detection Method for Subsurface Exploration

ASTM D3999/D3999M-11e1 利用轮式三轴装置测定土壤阻尼性能和模数的标准试验方法

5.1 The cyclic triaxial test permits determination of the secant modulus and damping coefficient for cyclic axial loading of a prismatic soil specimen in hydrostatically consolidated, undrained conditions. The secant modulus and damping coefficient from this test may be different from those obtained from a torsional shear type of test on the same material. 5.2 The secant modulus and damping coefficient are important parameters used in dynamic, performance evaluation of both natural and engineered structures under dynamic or cyclic loads such as caused by earthquakes, ocean wave, or blasts. These parameters can be used in dynamic response analyses including, finite elements, finite difference, and linear or non-linear analytical methods.Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the modulus and damping properties of soils in either intact or reconstituted states by either load or stroke controlled cyclic triaxial techniques. The standard is focused on determining these properties for soils in hydrostatically consolidated, undrained conditions. 1.2 The cyclic triaxial properties of initially saturated or unsaturated soil specimens are evaluated relative to a number of factors including: strain level, density, number of cycles, material type, and effective stress. 1.3 These test methods are applicable to both fine-grained and coarse-grained soils as defined by the unified soil classification system or by Practice D2487. Test specimens may be intact or reconstituted by compaction in the laboratory. 1.4 Two test methods are provided for using a cyclic loader to determine the secant Young''s modulus (E) and damping coefficient (D) for a soil specimen. The first test method (A) permits the determination of E and D using a constant load apparatus. The second test method (B) permits the determination of E and D using a constant stroke apparatus. The test methods are as follows: 1.4.1 Test Method A—This test method requires the application of a constant cyclic load to the test specimen. It is used for determining the secant Young''s modulus and damping coefficient under a constant load condition. 1.4.2 Test Method B—This test method requires the application of a constant cyclic deformation to the test specimen. It is used for determining the secant Young''s modulus and damping coefficient under a constant stroke condition. 1.5 The development o......

Standard Test Methods for the Determination of the Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus

ASTM D6072/D6072M-09 土工合成粘土衬垫获得样品的标准操作规程

This practice provides a procedure by which samples of GCL should be obtained for laboratory testing. The practice applies to materials obtained prior to installation (either at a job site or at a production facility) or exhumed material after installation. Only GCL samples obtained in accordance with 5.1 of this practice will be considered representative of the actual manufactured GCL for quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) purposes.. The quantity of GCL received by the laboratory should be sufficient for the preparation of several representative test specimens for the standardized physical, hydraulic, and mechanical tests to be performed on the GCLs. The procedures in this practice should be used by plant and field personnel for obtaining GCL samples for laboratory testing.1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) for the purpose of laboratory testing. These procedures are designed to ensure that representative samples are obtained and properly packaged for submittal to a testing laboratory. 1.2 The procedures in this practice may be applied to either samples of unhydrated GCLs obtained at the project site prior to installation (or at the production facility, prior to shipment to the project site) or samples exhumed from a project site after installation. 1.3 It is assumed that the number of samples to be obtained has already been determined in the project specification, standard test method, or by prior agreement between the purchaser and seller. This practice covers only the methods for obtaining a pre-arranged number of samples and does not describe methods for obtaining individual specimens from the sample. 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

ASTM D6072-08 获取土工合成粘土衬垫样品的标准实施规程

This practice provides a procedure by which samples of GCL should be obtained for laboratory testing. The practice applies to materials obtained prior to installation (either at a job site or at a production facility) or exhumed material after installation. Only GCL samples obtained in accordance with 5.1 of this practice will be considered representative of the actual manufactured GCL for quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) purposes.. The quantity of GCL received by the laboratory should be sufficient for the preparation of several representative test specimens for the standardized physical, hydraulic, and mechanical tests to be performed on the GCLs. The procedures in this practice should be used by plant and field personnel for obtaining GCL samples for laboratory testing.1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) for the purpose of laboratory testing. These procedures are designed to ensure that representative samples are obtained and properly packaged for submittal to a testing laboratory. 1.2 The procedures in this practice may be applied to either samples of unhydrated GCLs obtained at the project site prior to installation (or at the production facility, prior to shipment to the project site) or samples exhumed from a project site after installation. 1.3 It is assumed that the number of samples to be obtained has already been determined in the project specification, standard test method, or by prior agreement between the purchaser and seller. This practice covers only the methods for obtaining a pre-arranged number of samples and does not describe methods for obtaining individual specimens from the sample. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

ASTM D7300-06 实验室测定等速率应变冻土强度性能的标准试验方法

Understanding the mechanical properties of frozen soils is of primary importance to frozen ground engineering. Data from strain rate controlled compression tests are necessary for the design of most foundation elements embedded in, or bearing on frozen ground. They make it possible to predict the time-dependent settlements of piles and shallow foundations under service loads, and to estimate their short and long-term bearing capacity. Such tests also provide quantitative parameters for the stability analysis of underground structures that are created for permanent or semi-permanent use. It must be recognized that the structure of frozen soil in situ and its behavior under load may differ significantly from that of an artificially prepared specimen in the laboratory. This is mainly due to the fact that natural permafrost ground may contain ice in many different forms and sizes, in addition to the pore ice contained in a small laboratory specimen. These large ground-ice inclusions (such as ice lenses) will considerably affect the time-dependent behavior of full-scale engineering structures. In order to obtain reliable results, high-quality undisturbed representative permafrost samples are required for compression strength tests. The quality of the sample depends on the type of frozen soil sampled, the in situ thermal condition at the time of sampling, the sampling method, and the transportation and storage procedures prior to testing. The best testing program can be ruined by poor-quality samples. In addition, one must always keep in mind that the application of laboratory results to practical problems requires much caution and engineering judgment.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the strength behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to uniaxial compression under controlled rates of strain. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress-strain-time, or strength versus strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions.1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Strength Properties of Frozen Soil at a Constant Rate of Strain

ASTM G187-05 使用双电极土壤箱法测量泥土电阻率的标准试验方法

The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5 Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures. The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G 57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method. The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity1.1 This test method covers the equipment and a procedure for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the control of corrosion of buried structures.1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used n the field or in the laboratory.1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

ASTM D7046-04 地下勘察用金属探测法的使用的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application8212;This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface materials using the metal detection method. Metal detectors respond to the presence of both ferrous and nonferrous metals by inducing eddy currents in conductive objects. Metal detectors are either frequency domain (continuous frequency or wave) or time domain (pulsed) systems. A wide range of metal detectors is commonly available.1.1.1 Metal detectors can detect any kind of metallic material, including both ferrous metals such as iron and steel, and non-ferrous metals such as aluminum and copper. In contrast, magnetometers only detect ferrous metals.1.1.2 Metal detector measurements can be used to detect the presence of buried metal trash, drums (Tyagi et al, 1983) (1) and tanks, abandoned wells (Guide D 6285); to trace buried utilities; and to delineate the boundaries of landfill metal and trench metal. They are also used to detect metal based unexploded ordnance (UXO).1.1.3 Benson (1982) (2) and U.S. EPA (1993) (3) provide an overview of metal detectors.1.2 Limitations:1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the metal detection method. It does not provide or address the details of the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. References are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with the references cited and with the ASTM standards D 420, D 653, D 5088, D 5608, D 5730, D 5753, D 6235, D 6429, and D 6431.1.2.2 This guide is limited to metal detection measurements made on land. The metal detection method can be adapted for a number of special uses on land, water, airborne and ice.1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for the metal detection method are commonly used, widely accepted, and proven. However, other approaches or modifications to the metal detection method that are technically sound may be substituted.1.2.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 Precautions:1.4.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to establish appropriate health and safety practices.1.4.2 If the method is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use.1.4.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Use of the Metal Detection Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6032-02(2006) 测定岩石芯的岩石质量标号的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rock quality designation (RQD) as a standard parameter in drill core logging.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approximate.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of Rock Core

ASTM D2168-02a 实验室机械捣实土壤压实器校准的标准试验方法

Mechanical compactors are commonly used to replace the hand compactors required for Test Methods D 698 and D 1557 in cases where it is necessary to increase production. The design of mechanical compactors is such that it is necessary to have a calibration process that goes beyond determining the mass and drop of the hammer. Note 18212;The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria is Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 These test methods for the calibration of mechanical soil compactors are for use in checking and adjusting mechanical devices used in laboratory compacting of soil and soil-aggregate in accordance with Test Methods D 698, D 1557 and other methods of a similar nature which might specify this method. Calibration for use with one method does not qualify the equipment for use with another method.1.2 The weight of the mechanical rammer is adjusted as described in and in order to provide that the mechanical compactor will produce the same result as the manual compactor.1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided as follows:SectionTest Method ACalibration based on the compaction of a selected soil sample5Test Method BCalibration based on the deformation of a standard lead cylinder61.4 If a mechanical compactor is calibrated in accordance with the requirements of either Test Method A or Test Method B, it is not necessary for it to meet the requirements of the other method.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors

ASTM D2168-02 实验室机械捣实土壤压实器校准的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods for the calibration of mechanical soil compactors are for use in checking and adjusting mechanical devices used in laboratory compacting of soil and soil-aggregate in accordance with Test Methods D 698, D 1557 and other methods of a similar nature which might specify this method. Calibration for use with one method does not qualify the equipment for use with another method.1.2 The weight of the mechanical rammer is adjusted as described in and in order to provide that the mechanical compactor will produce the same result as the manual compactor.1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided as follows:SectionTest Method ACalibration based on the compaction of a selected soil sample5Test Method BCalibration based on the deformation of a standard lead cylinder61.4 If a mechanical compactor is calibrated in accordance with the requirements of either Test Method A or Test Method B, it is not necessary for it to meet the requirements of the other method.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors

ASTM D6169-98 环境调查用钻探取样用具的土壤和岩石取样装置选择的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers guidance for the selection of soil and rock sampling devices used with drill rigs for the purpose of characterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemical characteristics, subsurface lithology, statigraphy, and structure, and hydrogeologic units in environmental investigations.

Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations

ASTM D6282-98 环境位点特性分析用直推土壤采样的标准指南

1.1 This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which also may be driven into the ground from the surface or through prebored holes. The samplers can be continuous or discrete interval units. Samplers are advanced by a combination of static push, or impacts from hammers, or vibratory methods, or a combination thereof, to the depth of interest. The guide does not cover open chambered samplers operated by hand such as augers, agricultural samplers operated at shallow depths, or side wall samplers. This guide does not address single sampling events in the immediate base of the drill hole using rotary drilling equipment with incremental drill hole excavation. Other sampling standards, such as Test Methods D 1586 and D 1587 and Practice D 3550 apply to rotary drilling activities. This guide does not address advancement of sampler barrel systems with methods that employ cuttings removal as the sampler is advanced. Other drilling and sampling methods may apply for samples needed for engineering and construction applications. 1.2 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples, as given in Guide D 4220, may or may not apply. Samples for chemical analysis often must be subsampled and reserved for chemical analysis using special techniques. Practice D 3694 provides information on some of the special techniques required. Additional information on environmental sample preservation and transportation is available in other references (1,2). Samples for classification may be preserved using procedures similar to Class A. In most cases, a direct push sample is considered as Class B in Practice D 4220 but is protected, representative, and suitable for chemical analysis. The samples taken with this practice do not usually produce Class C and D (with exception of thin wall samples of standard size) samples for testing for engineering properties, such as shear strength and compressibility. Guide D 4700 has some information on mechanical soil sampling devices similar to direct push techniques, however, it does not address most direct push sampling methods. If sampling is for chemical evaluation in the Vadose Zone, consult Guide D 4700 for any special considerations. 1.3 Field methods described in this guide, include the use of discreet and continuous sampling tools, split and solid barrel samplers and thin walled tubes with or without fixed piston style apparatus. 1.4 Insertion methods described include static push, impact, percussion, other vibratory/sonic driving, and combinations of these methods using direct push equipment adapted to drilling rigs, cone penetrometer units, and specially designed percussion/direct push combination machines. Hammers providing the force for insertion include drop style, hydraulically activated, air activated and mechanical lift devices. 1.5 Direct push soil sampling is limited to soils and unconsolidated materials that can be penetrated with the available equipment. The ability to penetrate strata is based on hammer energy, carrying vehicle weight, compactness of soil, and consistency of soil. Penetration may be limited or damage to samplers and conveying devices can occur in certain subsurface conditions, some of which are discussed in 5.5. Successful sample recovery also may be limited by the ability to retrieve tools from the borehole. Sufficient retract force must be available when attempting difficult or deep investigations. 1.6 This guide does not address the installation of any temporary or permanent soil, ground water, vapor monitoring, or remediation devices. 1.7 The practicing of direct push techniques may be controlled by local regulations governing subsurface penetration. Certification, or licensing requirements, or both, may need to be considered in establishing criteria for field activities. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; however, dimensions used in the drilling industry are given in inch-pound uni......

Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations

ASTM D6282-98(2005) 环境位点特性分析用直推土壤采样的标准指南

1.1 This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which also may be driven into the ground from the surface or through prebored holes. The samplers can be continuous or discrete interval units. Samplers are advanced by a combination of static push, or impacts from hammers, or vibratory methods, or a combination thereof, to the depth of interest. The guide does not cover open chambered samplers operated by hand such as augers, agricultural samplers operated at shallow depths, or side wall samplers. This guide does not address single sampling events in the immediate base of the drill hole using rotary drilling equipment with incremental drill hole excavation. Other sampling standards, such as Test Methods D 1586 and D 1587 and Practice D 3550 apply to rotary drilling activities. This guide does not address advancement of sampler barrel systems with methods that employ cuttings removal as the sampler is advanced. Other drilling and sampling methods may apply for samples needed for engineering and construction applications. 1.2 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples, as given in Guide D 4220, may or may not apply. Samples for chemical analysis often must be subsampled and reserved for chemical analysis using special techniques. Practice D 3694 provides information on some of the special techniques required. Additional information on environmental sample preservation and transportation is available in other references (1,2). Samples for classification may be preserved using procedures similar to Class A. In most cases, a direct push sample is considered as Class B in Practice D 4220 but is protected, representative, and suitable for chemical analysis. The samples taken with this practice do not usually produce Class C and D (with exception of thin wall samples of standard size) samples for testing for engineering properties, such as shear strength and compressibility. Guide D 4700 has some information on mechanical soil sampling devices similar to direct push techniques, however, it does not address most direct push sampling methods. If sampling is for chemical evaluation in the Vadose Zone, consult Guide D 4700 for any special considerations. 1.3 Field methods described in this guide, include the use of discreet and continuous sampling tools, split and solid barrel samplers and thin walled tubes with or without fixed piston style apparatus. 1.4 Insertion methods described include static push, impact, percussion, other vibratory/sonic driving, and combinations of these methods using direct push equipment adapted to drilling rigs, cone penetrometer units, and specially designed percussion/direct push combination machines. Hammers providing the force for insertion include drop style, hydraulically activated, air activated and mechanical lift devices. 1.5 Direct push soil sampling is limited to soils and unconsolidated materials that can be penetrated with the available equipment. The ability to penetrate strata is based on hammer energy, carrying vehicle weight, compactness of soil, and consistency of soil. Penetration may be limited or damage to samplers and conveying devices can occur in certain subsurface conditions, some of which are discussed in 5.5. Successful sample recovery also may be limited by the ability to retrieve tools from the borehole. Sufficient retract force must be available when attempting difficult or deep investigations. 1.6 This guide does not address the installation of any temporary or permanent soil, ground water, vapor monitoring, or remediation devices. 1.7 The practicing of direct push techniques may be controlled by local regulations governing subsurface penetration. Certification, or licensing requirements, or both, may need to be considered in establishing criteria for field activities. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; however, dimensions used in the drilling industry are given in inch-pound uni......

Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations

ASTM D6230-98(2005) 使用探针型倾斜仪检测地面运动的标准试验方法

An inclinometer is a device for measuring deformation normal to the axis of a pipe by passing a probe along the pipe and measuring the inclination of the probe with respect to the line of gravity. Measurements are converted to distances using trigonometric functions. Distances are summed to find the position of the pipe. Successive measurements give differences in position of the pipe and indicate deformation normal to the axis of the pipe. In most cases the pipe is installed in a near-vertical hole. Measurements indicate subsurface horizontal deformation. In some cases the pipe is installed horizontally and the measurements indicate vertical deformation. Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the rate of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing, monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and monitoring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls.1.1 This test method covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground. The test method covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating procedures and maintenance requirements. It also provides formulae for data reduction.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type Inclinometers

ASTM D6169-98(2005) 环境调查用钻探取样用具的土壤和岩石取样装置选择的标准指南

Direct observation of the subsurface by the collection of soil and rock samples is an essential part of site characterization for environmental purposes (see 7.1.7 of Guide D 5730). This guide provides information on the major types of soil and rock sampling devices used on drill rigs to assist in selection of devices that are suitable for known site geologic conditions, and provide samples that meet project objectives. This guide should not be used as a substitute for consulting with someone experienced in sampling soil or rock in similar formations before determining the best method and type of sampling. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guides D 2113 and D 6151 and drilling method-specific guides (see Guides D 5781, D 5782, D 5783, D 5784, D 5872, D 5875 and D 5876) as part of developing a detailed site investigation and sampling plan (see 5.1.5 of Guide D 5730) for sites that require mobilization of a drill rig for subsurface investigations. The selection of drilling methods and sampling devices goes hand-in-hand. In some cases soil sample requirements may influence choice of drilling method, or conversely, types of available drill rigs may influence choice of sampling devices. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D 5434 for field logging of soil and rock samples, Practice D 5911 for data elements to identify a soil sampling site, and where appropriate, Practice D 4220, for preserving and transporting soil samples, Practice D 5070 for preserving and transporting rock core samples, Practice D 3694 for preparation of sample containers and for preservation of organic constituents, and Practice 5088 for decontamination of field equipment used at nonradioactive waste sites.1.1 This guide covers guidance for the selection of soil and rock sampling devices used with drill rigs for the purpose of characterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemical characteristics, subsurface lithology, statigraphy, and structure, and hydrogeologic units in environmental investigations.

Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations